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2 Peter 1

New Testament Studies
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PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS*

UBS4 NKJV NRSV TEV NJB
Salutation Greeting the Faithful Salutation Introduction Greetings
1:1-2 1:1-4 1:1-2 1:1 1:1-2
      1:2  
The Christian’s Call and Election   Exhortations to Holiness God’s Call and Election The Generosity of God
1:3-11   1:3-11 1:3-9 1:3-11
  Fruitful Growth in the Faith      
  1:5-11      
  Peter’s Approaching Death     The Apostolic Witness
1:12-15 1:12-15 1:12-15 1:12-15 1:12-15
Christ’s Glory and the Prophetic Word The Trustworthy Prophetic Word   Eyewitnesses of Christ’s Glory  
1:16-21 1:16-21 1:16-18 1:16-18 1:16-18
        The Value of Prophecy
    1:19-21 1:19-21 1:19-21

* Although they are not inspired, paragraph divisions are the key to understanding and following the original author’s intent. Each modern translation has divided and summarized the paragraphs. Every paragraph has one central topic, truth, or thought. Each version encapsulates that topic in its own distinct way. As you read the text, ask yourself which translation fits your understanding of the subject and verse divisions.
  In every chapter we must read the Bible first and try to identify its subjects (paragraphs), then compare our understanding with the modern versions. Only when we understand the original author’s intent by following his logic and presentation can we truly understand the Bible. Only the original author is inspired—readers have no right to change or modify the message. Bible readers do have the responsibility of applying the inspired truth to their day and their lives.
  Note that all technical terms and abbreviations are explained fully in the following documents: Brief Definitions of Greek Grammatical Structure,  Textual Criticism, and Glossary.

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR’S INTENT AT PARAGRAPH LEVEL

READING CYCLE THREE (see
“Bible
Interpretation Seminar”)

This is a study guide commentary, which
means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the
light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not
relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects (reading cycle #3). Compare
your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is
the key to following the original author’s intent, which is the heart of interpretation. Every
paragraph has one and only one subject.

CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS INTO VERSES 1-11

  1. 2 Peter 1:1-11 is one sentence in Greek which combines both aspects of covenant: a sovereign
    free grace and the mandated Christlike life.

     

  2. The outline seems to be
    1. traditional introduction (2 Pet. 1:1-2)
      1. from whom
      2. to whom
      3. greeting
    2. 2 Pet. 1:3-4 – God’s part
    3. 2 Pet. 1:5-7 – believer’s part
    4. 2 Pet. 1:8-9 – positive and negative aspects of faithfulness
    5. 2 Pet. 1:10-11 – assurance through lifestyle godliness

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

÷2 PETER 1:1-11

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 2 PETER 1:1-11
 1Simon Peter, a bond-servant and apostle of Jesus Christ, to those who have received a faith of the same kind as ours, by the righteousness of our God and Savior, Jesus Christ: 2Grace and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord; 3seeing that His divine power has granted to us everything pertaining to life and godliness, through the true knowledge of Him who called us by His own glory and excellence. 4For by these He has granted to us His precious and magnificent promises, so that by them you may become partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world by lust. 5Now for this very reason also, applying all diligence, in your faith supply moral excellence, and in your moral excellence, knowledge, 6and in your knowledge, self-control, and in your self-control, perseverance, and in your perseverance, godliness, 7and in your godliness, brotherly kindness, and in your brotherly kindness, love. 8For if these qualities are yours and are increasing, they render you neither useless nor unfruitful in the true knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. 9For he who lacks these qualities is blind or short-sighted, having forgotten his purification from his former sins. 10Therefore, brethren, be all the more diligent to make certain about His calling and choosing you; for as long as you practice these things, you will never stumble; 11for in this way the entrance into the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ will be abundantly supplied to you.

1:1 “Simon” This is literally “Symeon” (see Bruce Metzger, A Textual Commentary On the Greek New
Testament, p. 699). This is Peter’s Hebrew name, and the name of one of the Twelve tribes. This same
form appears only in Acts 15:14. If this letter were a pseudonym, the author surely would have used the more
common spelling “Simon.”

▣ “Peter” This is literally Petros, which is Greek for a large rock or boulder. It was the
nickname given to Simon by Jesus in Matt. 16:18 and also John 1:42. In this passage in John the Aramaic
term Cephas is mentioned. In daily conversation Jesus spoke Aramaic, not Hebrew nor Greek. Paul often
uses Cephas (cf. 1 Cor. 1:12; 3:22; 9:5; 15:5; Gal. 1:18; 2:9,11,14).

There has been much discussion between Catholic and Protestant Bible scholars about the
significance of this name change (which has OT significance of Abram, Jacob, etc.). In Matt. 16:18 Peter
the rock is said to be the foundation of the church. Protestants have always made it a theological point
to note that “Peter” is MASCULINE (i.e., Petros), but “rock” is FEMININE
(i.e., Petra), thereby Peter’s confession of faith, not Peter himself, is the bedrock of the church.
However, this distinction in Greek grammar would not have been present in Aramaic,
where Cephas would have been used in both places.

As a theologian I do not want to deny the obvious leadership of Peter, but I also realize that
the other Apostles did not recognize his priority (cf. Mark 9:34; Luke 9:46; 22:24-27; Matt. 20:20-24). Even
though Jesus did not conversationally speak in Greek, the inspired text is recorded in Greek, therefore, the
grammatical distinction is assumed to be inspired.

SPECIAL TOPIC: PETER

▣ “a bondservant” This is the Greek term doulos, which refers to a servant or slave. This is
either the OT honorific background of “servant of the Lord” (i.e., Moses, Joshua, David, and Isaiah) or the NT
focus on humility in relation to Jesus as Lord (cf. Matt. 10:24-25).

SPECIAL TOPIC: MY SERVANT

▣ “apostle” This is obviously a literary way for the author of 2 Peter to assert his identity as
an eyewitness, follower, and chosen disciple of Jesus.

The term “apostle” comes from the Greek VERB “send” (apostellō;
see SPECIAL TOPIC: SEND). Jesus chose twelve of His disciples to be with Him in a special sense and called
them “Apostles” (cf. Luke 6:13). This term was often used of Jesus being sent from the Father
(cf. Matt. 10:40; 15:24; Mark 9:37; Luke 9:48; John 4:34; 5:24, 30, 36, 37, 38, 40, 57; 7:29; 8:42; 10:36;
11:42; 17:3, 8,18, 21, 23, 25; 20:21). In Jewish sources it was used of someone sent as an official
representative of another, similar to “ambassador” (cf. 2 Cor. 5:20). Peter is asserting his Christ-given
authority!

It came to have an expanded usage beyond “The Twelve” (cf. Acts 14:4, 14, Barnabas; Rom. 16:7,
Andronicus and Junias; 1 Cor. 4:6, 9; 12:28-29; 15:7, Apollos; Phil. 2:25, Epaphroditus; 1 Thess. 2:6,
Silvanus and Timothy). Their exact task is uncertain, but it involves proclamation of the gospel and servant
leadership of the church. It is even possible that Rom. 16:7 (KJV “Junia”) refers to a feminine apostle!

SPECIAL TOPIC: WOMEN IN
THE BIBLE

▣ “Jesus Christ” See notes at 1 Peter 1:1. and
SPECIAL TOPIC: CHRIST
JESUS AS LORD

NASB, NRSV, NJB   ”to those who have received a faith”
NKJV   ”to those who have obtained like precious faith”
TEV   ”to those. . .have been given a faith”
REB   ”to those who share equally with us in the privileges of faith”

This is an AORIST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE from the term (lagchanō),
which referred to casting lots

  1. as in gambling (cf. John 19:24)
  2. as a sense of a duty or obligation (cf. Luke 1:9)
  3. as a way of showing divine choice (cf. Acts 1:17)

It can simply mean to “obtain” or “receive,” but it can have the added connotation
in the LXX usage of “by the will of God.” This same theme is in 2 Pet. 1:3 and 4 “granted” (twice) and “called”;
also note 2 Pet. 1:10, “His calling and choosing you.”

This ambiguity is exactly the same as the paradox of salvation. Is salvation by the choice of
God or the choice of the one receiving it? The answer is surely yes! The Bible is very clear that this is
God’s world. He is involved in all aspects. He has chosen to deal with conscious creation by covenant. He
initiates the contact. He sets the agenda, but He has demanded that we respond (i.e., initially and continually).

These readers received a faith that was God’s will for them (and for all). The term “faith” is from the
Greek term pistis, which is translated into English as “faith,” “trust,” or “believe.” Originally in Hebrew
this concept referred to a stable stance, but it came to denote someone who was faithful, loyal, trustworthy, or
dependable. In the Bible it is not the believer’s faith, but God’s faithfulness; not the believer’s trust, but God’s
trustworthiness.

SPECIAL TOPIC: BELIEVE, FAITH,
OR TRUST

NASB   ”of the same kind as ours”
NKJV   ”like precious”
NRSV, TEV, NJB   ”as precious as”

This is the Greek compound term isotimos, a compound of isos (i.e., equal,
like, or corresponding to) and timē (i.e., price, value, or worth with the connotation of precious
or costly). The faith given by God was of inestimable value (cf. 1 Pet. 1:7) and all believers share in the
same kind of faith. There is not one faith for Apostles and another for Jews and Gentiles or for other
believers (cf. 1 Cor. 12:13; Gal. 3:28; Col. 3:11). There are different gifts, but only one faith (cf. Eph. 4:5).

▣ “righteousness” This refers not to our imputed righteousness (cf. Romans 4), but to Christ’s
(cf. Acts 3:14; 7:52; 22:14; 1 John 2:1,29; 3:7). This is the clearest place in the NT where Theos
is applied to Jesus.

This Greek root (which reflects the Hebrew root צרק, BDB 841) is used
several times in 2 Peter.

  1. righteous, just (dikaios) – 2:8, righteous man
  2. righteous, justice (dikniosunē)

    2 Pet. 1:1:1 ‒ Jesus’ righteousness

    2 Pet. 1:2:5 ‒ Noah’s righteousness (cf. Gen. 7:1)

    2 Pet. 1:2:21 ‒ the way of righteousness

    2 Pet. 1:3:13 ‒ the new heavens and the new earth in which righteousness dwells
  3. right (dikaion)

    2 Pet. 1:1:13 ‒ right, proper

    2 Pet. 1:2:7 ‒ the righteous Lot

    2 Pet. 1:2:8 ‒ the righteous man

Jesus is righteous; believers are righteous in Him; therefore, they should live in righteousness,
which reflects the new age!

SPECIAL TOPIC: RIGHTEOUSNESS

▣ “our God and Savior, Jesus Christ” This phrase refers to Jesus alone.

  1. the DEFINITE ARTICLE only before the first noun (Granville Sharp’s rule)
  2. the grammatical form of all four key terms, “God,” “Savior,” “Jesus,” and “Christ”
    (GENITIVE MASCULINE SINGULARS)
  3. the recurrent grammatical form (except “Lord” instead of “God”) in 2 Pet. 1:11; 2:20; and 3:18
  4. A. T. Robertson’s Word Pictures in the New Testament, Vol. 6, p. 148, reminds us that in
    2 Peter gnōsis and epignōsis are always used of Jesus
  5. there are other places in the NT where Jesus’ deity is affirmed (cf. John 1:1; 8:57-58; 20:28;
    Rom. 9:5; Phil. 2:6-11; 2 Thess. 1:12; Titus 2:13; Heb. 1:8; and 1 John 5:20), which is shocking in
    light of OT monotheism (see
    SPECIAL
    TOPIC: MONOTHEISM    )

In the OT “Savior” is usually used of YHWH, but occasionally of the Messiah. In the NT it usually
refers to God the Father. In Titus the phrase is used three times of the Father (cf. Titus 1:3; 2:10; 3:4), yet
in the same contexts also of Jesus (cf. Titus 1:4; 2:13; 3:6). In 2 Peter it is used exclusively and often
of Jesus (cf. 2 Pet. 1:1,11; 2:20; 3:2,18).

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE DEITY
OF CHRIST FROM THE OT

1:2 “Grace and peace be multiplied to you” This is similar to 1 Pet. 1:2. Paul often used “grace and peace,”
but followed it with “from God our father” and often added “and the Lord Jesus Christ.”

Grace reflects the truth that sinful mankind’s salvation and fellowship result from the character
and provision of God. This new (i.e., restored) relationship with God results in peace. Humans were created for
fellowship with God, in whose image we were created, and with each other. Grace always precedes peace!
The VERB is an AORIST PASSIVE OPTATIVE. This is a prayer. Peter wants God
to give both grace and peace.

SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH’S ETERNAL
REDEMPTIVE PLAN

▣ “in the knowledge of God” The grace and peace are given by God (i.e., PASSIVE VOICE)
through an experiential knowledge (epignōsis) of both Himself and His Son.

Knowledge is a recurrent theme in 2 Peter, probably because of the false teachers (i.e., Gnostics),
like Colossians and 1 John.

1. epignosis (full knowledge); epignōskō (to know fully)
2 Pet. 1:2
2 Pet. 1:3
2 Pet. 1:8
2 Pet. 2:20
2. gnosis (knowledge) 
2 Pet. 1:5
2 Pet. 1:6

 

 

 2 Pet. 2:21 (twice)

 

ginōskō (to know)
2 Pet. 1:20
2 Pet. 3:3
gnōrizō (to make known)
2 Pet. 1:16

The false teachers of chapter two seem to have the characteristics of what was later called
antinomian gnosticism. This developed system of philosophical/theological heresy developed in the second century,
but had its roots in the first century. It is characterized by an exclusivism based on secret knowledge.
Salvation was related to this knowledge, not to ethics.

SPECIAL TOPIC: GNOSTICISM

▣ “of God and of Jesus our Lord” I made the following grammatical points in 2 Pet. 1:1 related
to a similar phrase referring solely to Jesus.

  1. one ARTICLE
  2. all GENITIVE forms

These same grammatical features are found in this phrase also which must add some degree of
scepticism about whether 2 Pet. 1:1 refers to Jesus alone or to the Father and the Son. However, the difference
involves a complicated Greek manuscript variation. The grammar of 2 Pet. 1:1 has no variation in the Greek
manuscripts. For a complete listing of the variations see the footnote of the United Bible Society’s fourth
edition Greek New Testament, p. 799and Bart Ehrman, The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture, p. 85).

SPECIAL TOPIC: CHRIST
JESUS AS LORD

1:3-7 This is one long Greek sentence.

1:3 “seeing” The NASB (UPDATED) is rather idiomatic here. The PARTICIPLE “seeing” is not
in the Greek text.

▣ “His” This PRONOUN refers either to God the Father or God the Son. All of
the PRONOUNS in these opening verses are similarly ambiguous. This is a characteristic of Peter.
It is possible that this is a purposeful ambiguity (i.e., double entendre, as in John’s writings).

  1. Jesus is identified as “God” in 2 Pet. 1:1; both the Father and the Son are linked grammatically
    in 2 Pet. 1:2
  2. the ADJECTIVE “divine” in 2 Pet. 1:3 refers to both

▣ “has granted to us” This is a PERFECT MIDDLE (deponent) PARTICIPLE.
This form of the Greek word (dōreomai from didōmi) is used only in Mark (cf. Mark 15:45)
and Peter (cf. 1 Pet. 1:3,4), which may illustrate Mark’s Gospel and 1 Peter’s literary relationship.

▣ “everything pertaining to life” 2 Peter. 1:3 is basically a refutation of the Gnostic false
teachers’ theological separation of salvation through secret knowledge and daily godly living. Deity provides
for eternal life (i.e., zoe) and daily Christlikeness (i.e., eusebeia). True knowledge is faith
in Jesus Christ that impacts daily living. Believers have all they need spiritually in Christ! We do not need
to seek a deeper truth experience!

▣ “godliness” This compound word (i.e., eusebia) comes from “well” and “worship.” It has
the connotation of daily living acceptable to God. Peter repeatedly emphasizes the need for godliness because
of the false teachers’ neglect of personal ethics and morality (cf. 2 Pet. 1:3,6,7; 2:9; 3:11). See fuller
note at 2 Pet. 1:6.

SPECIAL TOPIC: GODLINESS

NASB   ”the true knowledge”
NKJV, NRSV, NJB, Peshitta   ”the knowledge”
TEV, REB   ”our knowledge”

This is another slap at the false teacher’s emphasis on secret knowledge (cf. 2 Pet. 2:20-21). The
gospel, as preached by the Apostles, is the true knowledge and Jesus is the truth (cf. John 14:6). This is the
intensified form, epignōsis, which has the connotation of experiential knowledge
(cf. 2 Pet. 1:2,3,8; 2:20). The gospel is a person and He must be experienced, not just theologically defined.

▣ “of Him who called us” This VERB is used several times in Peter (1 Pet. 1:15;
2:9,21; 3:9; 5:10; 2 Pet. 1:3). It always refers to a call from God. No person comes to God unless the
Spirit draws him (cf. John 6:44.65; Eph. 1:4-5).

SPECIAL TOPIC: CALLED

▣ “by His own glory and excellence” There is a Greek manuscript variation at this point.

  1. Manuscripts P72, B, K, L, and most minuscules have dia (through) glory and
    virtue (cf. NKJV).
  2. Manuscripts א, A, C, P, and most ancient translations have idia (His own) glory and
    virtue (cf. NASB, NRSV, TEV, NJB).

The exegetical question is, “Are believers called

  1. by means of deity’s (i.e., Father or Son) qualities
  2. to share these qualities”

The UBS4 translation committee gives a “B” (almost certain) rating to option number 1.

SPECIAL TOPIC: SANCTIFICATION

SPECIAL TOPIC: GLORY (OT)

1:4 “For by these He has granted us” This is a PERFECT MIDDLE
(deponent) INDICATIVE matching the PARTICIPLE in 2 Pet. 1:3. Deity’s divine
power has given and continues to give believers all they need both initially (justification) and
continually (sanctification) by means of His promises.

NASB   ”precious and magnificent promises”
NKJV   ”exceedingly great and precious promises”
NRSV   ”precious and very great promises”
TEV, Peshitta   ”the very great and precious gifts he promised”
NJB   ”the greatest and precious promises”
REB   ”great beyond all price”

These descriptive terms must refer to the gospel, whereby believers become partakers of the
divine nature (i.e., the indwelling Holy Spirit). Fallen mankind’s hope is the steadfast and gracious character
of God, expressed through His promises (i.e., both OT, but especially in Christ, cf. Heb. 6:17-18). The order
of these two terms fluctuates in the Greek manuscripts.

The term “precious” was used in 1 Pet. 1:19 for the sacrificial blood of Christ. The term forms
the root of the name “Timothy.”

▣ “partakers of the divine nature” This refers to

  1. the indwelling Holy Spirit (cf. 2 Pet. 1:3), which comes at salvation
  2. another way of referring to the new birth (cf. 1 Pet. 1:3,23)

This is so different from the Greek philosophical concept (although the terminology is from the
Stoics) of the divine spark in all humans from creation. This does not mean we are gods or will ever be, but
we are meant to be like Jesus (cf. I Rom. 8:29; Eph. 1:4; John 3:2). Believers are to model the family
characteristics of God (i.e., the image of God). The term “divine” used in both 2 Pet. 1:3 and 4 is
theios, which means “godly” or “god-like.”

▣ “having escaped” This word appears only in 2 Peter in the NT (cf. 2 Pet. 1:4; 2:18,20). This
is an AORIST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE, implying a completed act (i.e., salvation, the time of receiving
the gospel, cf. 2 Pet. 1:1).

▣ “the corruption that is in the world by lust” The issue in 2 Peter is false teachers who were
advocating a special secret knowledge (i.e., Gnosticism), but depreciating daily godly living
(cf. 1 Pet. 1:14; 2:11; 4:3; 2 Pet. 2:10,18). Chapter one responds to this error in 2 Pet. 1:3-11!

Believers’ lives are evidence of (not the basis of) their true conversion (cf. James and 1 John).
No fruit, no root (cf. Mark 4:1-20).

1:5 “Now for this very reason” This refers to believers’ response to God’s gifts and promises in
2 Pet. 1:3-4 (cf. Phil. 2:12-13).

SPECIAL TOPIC: VICES AND VIRTUES

NASB   ”applying all diligence. . .supply”
NKJV, Peshitta   ”giving all diligence, add”
NRSV   ”you must make every effort to support”
TEV   ”do your best to add”
NJB   ”do your utmost to support”

Literally this is “bringing all diligence, supply. . .” This is an AORIST ACTIVE
PARTICIPLE used as an IMPERATIVE and an AORIST ACTIVE IMPERATIVE. God has
wonderfully provided salvation (cf. 2 Pet. 1:3-4); now believers must walk in it (cf. 2 Pet. 1:5-7). The gospel
is absolutely free by means of

  1. the will of God
  2. the finished work of Christ
  3. the wooing of the Spirit

but once received, becomes a cost-everything daily discipleship. This is the paradox of the gospel. It
is a gift (cf. John 4:10; Rom. 3:24; 6:23; Eph. 2:8; Heb. 6:4), but also a covenant with privileges and
responsibilities. The true gospel affects the mind, heart, and hand!

▣ “faith” This term may have several distinct connotations.

  1. its OT background means “faithfulness” or “trustworthiness”
  2. our accepting or receiving God’s free offer of forgiveness in Christ
  3. faithful, godly living
  4. the collective sense of the Christian faith or truth about Jesus (cf. Acts 6:7 and Jude 3,20)

In this context (i.e., 2 Pet. 1:1) it refers to receiving Christ as Savior. Now believers must
grow and develop.

This expected Christian growth is also expressed in Rom. 5:3-4; James 1:3-4.

SPECIAL TOPIC: CHRISTIAN GROWTH

SPECIAL TOPIC: FAITH, BELIEVE, OR
TRUST

▣ “moral excellence” This quality was used of Christ (or God the Father) in 2 Pet. 1:3. This is one
of the fruits of the Spirit (cf. Gal. 5:22-23). It is the antonym of “excess” (cf. 2 Pet. 2:3,14).

SPECIAL TOPIC: VICES AND VIRTUES

▣ “knowledge” A knowledge (gnōsis) of the gospel that leads to Christlikeness is a
wonderful thing. The false teachers were advocating a false knowledge that led to debauchery.

▣ “self-control” This virtue describes someone who is able to control the egocentristic pull of
the fallen sin nature (cf. Acts 24:25; Gal. 5:23; Titus 1:8). In some contexts (i.e., 1 Cor. 7:9) it alludes
to inappropriate sexual activity and because of the antinomian tendencies of the false teachers, it may include
that connotation here.

▣ “perseverance” This term refers to an active, voluntary, steadfast endurance. It is a God-like
characteristic of patience with people and circumstances (cf. Rom. 5:3-4; James 1:3).

SPECIAL TOPIC: PERSEVERANCE

▣ “godliness” This is such an important term in the Pastoral Letters, as well as 2 Peter
(see note at 2 Pet. 1:3), that I want to quote from my commentary, volume 9, 1 Timothy 4:7:

“This is a pivotal term in the Pastoral Letters. It refers to the doctrinal and
daily lifestyle implication of the gospel (cf. 1 Tim. 3:16). It describes not the exceptional, but the
expected. It is a compound term from ‘good’ (eu) and ‘worship’ (sebomai). True worship is
daily living by means of proper thinking (cf. 1 Tim. 4:16a). Notice the number of times this word is used
in the Pastoral Letters:

  1. NOUN (eusebeia), 1 Tim. 2:2; 3:16; 4:7,8; 6:3,5,6,11; 2 Tim. 3:5; Titus 1:1
  2. ADVERB (eusebēs), 2 Tim. 3:12; Titus 2:12
  3. VERB (eusebeō), 1 Tim. 5:4
  4. The related term theosebeia, 1 Tim. 2:10
  5. The negated term (ALPHA PRIVATIVE, i.e., asebeia), 2 Tim. 2:16;
    Titus 2:12″ (p. 53).
1:7
NASB, NKJV, Peshitta   ”brotherly kindness, love”
NRSV   ”mutual affection with love”
TEV   ”Christian affection and love”
NJB   ”kindness to brothers with love”
REB   ”love to brotherly affection”

This is the compound Greek term phileō (i.e., love) and adephos (i.e., brother).
It also occurs in 1 Pet. 1:22. In this context it refers to covenant brothers and sisters.

It is often said that phileō refers to a lesser love than agapeō
(cf. 2 Pet. 1:7), but in Koine Greek these terms are synonymous (cf. John 5:20, which uses phileō
for the Father’s love for Jesus). However, here and in John 21 there may be an intended distinction.

1:8 “for if” This is not the usual form of a CONDITIONAL SENTENCE in Greek (cf. NJB,
however, in Word Pictures in the New Testament A. T. Robertson identifies this phrase as
two PRESENT ACTIVE CIRCUMSTANTIAL [CONDITIONAL] PARTICIPLES, cf. vol. 6, p. 151),
but the stated evidence necessary for assurance which is based on a changed and changing life of repentance,
faith, obedience, service, and perseverance. Eternal life (i.e., the divine nature) has observable
characteristics.

  1. believers exhibit Christian qualities, 2 Pet. 1:5-7
  2. believers have these qualities and they are increasing (both PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES),
    2 Pet. 1:8
  3. believers are useful and fruitful to God, 2 Pet. 1:8
  4. believers live out the true knowledge of God (i.e., Christlikeness, cf. 2 Pet. 1:8)

▣ “neither useless nor unfruitful” This s tragically all too often the spiritual state
of believers.

  1. useless or unproductive ‒ James 2:20
  2. unfruitful ‒ Matt. 7:16-19; 13:22; Mark 4:19; Col. 1:10; Titus 3:14
  3. Paul uses the word in the warning “do not participate in the unfruitful deeds of darkness”
  4. Paul uses the same criteria for leaders in 1 Cor. 3:10-15

Beware of — no fruit, bad fruit! Eternal life has observable characteristics. No
fruit — no root!

1:9 As 2 Pet. 1:8 describes the true Christian, 2 Pet. 1:9 describes believers who are being influenced
by the false teachers’ false dichotomy between

  1. knowledge—life
  2. theology—ethics
  3. orthodoxy—orthopraxy!

▣ “short-sighted” This is literally to “blink,” “wink,” or “squint.” It was used metaphorically
of one who tries to see clearly, but is unable, possibly willfully turning from the light (cf. The Vocabulary
of the Greek Testament: Illustrated from the Papyri and Other Non-literary Sources by James Hope Moulton
and George Milligan, p. 420).

NASB   ”having forgotten his purification from his former sins”
NKJV, Peshitta   ”having forgotten that he was purged from his old sins”
NRSV   ”is forgetful of the cleansing of past sins”
TEV, REB   ”have forgotten that you have been purified from your past sins”
NJB   ”forgetting how the sins of the past were washed away”

This implies that these are believers, but they have been lured back to a godless pagan
lifestyle by the false teachers (cf. 2 Peter 2). What a tragedy.

  1. This lifestyle brings no joy, peace, or assurance
  2. This lifestyle thwarts evangelism
  3. This lifestyle destroys effective ministry
  4. This lifestyle brings about an early death

In this phrase Peter is referring to the purification or cleansing from sin that occurs through
Christ’s vicarious, substitutionary death on our behalf (cf. 1 Pet. 1:18; 2:24; 3:18).

1:10 “be all the more diligent” This is an AORIST ACTIVE IMPERATIVE. This term
(cf. 2 Pet. 1:15; 3:14) can mean

  1. to do something quickly (cf. Titus 3:12)
  2. to do one’s best (cf. Eph. 4:3)
  3. to be eager (cf. Acts 20:16; Gal. 2:10)

Option #3 seems best (cf. NRSV).

NASB   ”to make certain”
NKJV   ”to make. . .sure”
NRSV   ”to confirm”
TEV   ”to make. . .permanent”
NJB   ”never allow. . .to waver”

This term is used in three ways.

  1. certain by being well established (cf. Rom. 4:16)
  2. dependable (cf. 2 Pet. 2:19 and Heb. 3:14; 6:19)
  3. verifiable (used in Koine Greek papyri from Egypt for legal guarantees such as validating a will)

Christians can have assurance (cf. Phil. 2:12-13; 1 John 5:13).

SPECIAL TOPIC: ASSURANCE

SPECIAL TOPIC: GUARANTEE

▣ “His calling” “His” is not in the Greek text, but is implied from 2 Pet. 1:3. Believers’ ultimate
hope is in the character of the Father, the work of the Son, and the wooing of the Spirit. However, these are
confirmed in individual believers by their lives of faith, godliness, etc. (cf. 2 Pet. 1:5-7; Phil. 2:12-13).
God deals with humanity in a covenant relationship. He sets the agenda, He initiates the encounter, He draws
us to Himself, but we must initially and continually respond in repentance, faith, service, obedience, and
perseverance. The gospel is a person to be welcomed, a truth to be believed, and a life to be lived! If any
one is left out, mature, biblical salvation is impossible.

SPECIAL TOPIC: CALLED

▣ “and choosing you” The NOUN eklogē is always used of God’s choice.

  1. Jacob/Israel ‒ Rom. 9:11
  2. the faithful remnant ‒ Rom. 11:5,28
  3. NT believers ‒ Rom. 11:7
  4. the church ‒ 1 Thess. 1:4; 2 Pet. 1:10

See notes at 1 Peter 1:2.

SPECIAL
TOPIC: ELECTION/PREDESTINATION AND THE NEED FOR A THEOLOGICAL BALANCE

SPECIAL TOPIC: HE CHOSE US

SPECIAL TOPIC: ELECTION

▣ “as long as you practice these things” The “these things” refer to 2 Pet. 1:3-7. Eternal life
has observable characteristics.

The grammar (i.e., a DOUBLE NEGATIVE) and the term pote (i.e., “at any time”
or “ever”) give great assurance to struggling believers in the midst of suffering and persecution (i.e., 1 Peter)
and false teachings (i.e., 2 Peter).

In Word Pictures in the New Testament, vol. 6, p. 153, A. T. Robertson identifies
the VERB “practice” (i.e., pioeō) as a PRESENT ACTIVE CIRCUMSTANTIAL
[CONDITIONAL] PARTICIPLE, like 2 Pet. 1:8. The NASB, NKJV, NRSV, and TEV include the English
conditional “if” in their translations (like 2 Pet. 1:8).

▣ “you will never stumble” This is a grammatical structure (DOUBLE NEGATIVES and
the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD), which is the strongest way to negate a statement. This same truth is
expressed in Jude 24.

However, like Hebrews (cf. Heb. 2:1-4; 3:7-4:11; 5:11-6:12; 10:9-39; 12:14-29), 2 Peter has
some shocking warnings (cf. 2 Pet. 2:1,20-22; 3:17). Salvation is secure (cf. 1 Pet. 1:4-6), but must be
maintained.

SPECIAL TOPIC: ASSURANCE

SPECIAL TOPIC: APOSTASY
(aphistēmi)

1:11 “eternal kingdom” This refers to the eternal reign of YHWH and the Messiah (cf. Isa. 9:7;
Dan. 7:14,27; Luke 1:33; 1 Tim. 6:16; Rev. 11:15, 22:5). This does not refer to a millennial kingdom nor
does any other NT text, except Revelation 20, although some see a veiled allusion in 1 Cor. 15:25-28.
I do not.

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE MILLENNIUM

SPECIAL TOPIC: WHY ARE END-TIME
EVENTS SO CONTROVERSIAL?

▣ “Lord and Savior” This same phrase was used of the Emperor. It is a rare title used often in
this book (cf. 2 Pet. 1:11; 2:20; 3:2,18).

SPECIAL TOPIC: OUR SAVIOR

▣ “will be abundantly supplied to you” This is a FUTURE PASSIVE INDICATIVE.
The IMPERATIVE form was used in 2 Pet. 1:5. God will provide all believers’ needs (cf. 2 Pet. 1:3).
Believers are commanded to respond appropriately in light of God’s provision (cf. 2 Pet. 1:4). Their response
was not the way to be accepted by God, but the evidence that they have been accepted.

÷2 PETER 1:12-15

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 2 PETER 1:12-15
 12Therefore, I will always be ready to remind you of these things, even though you already know them, and have been established in the truth which is present with you. 13I consider it right, as long as I am in this earthly dwelling, to stir you up by way of reminder, 14knowing that the laying aside of my earthly dwelling is imminent, as also our Lord Jesus Christ has made clear to me. 15And I will also be diligent that at any time after my departure you will be able to call these things to mind.

1:12 “Therefore” Based on the gospel truths of 2 Peter 1.

▣ “I will always be ready to remind you” This is a recurrent theme (cf. 2 Pet. 1:12-13,15; 3:1-2;
Phil. 3:1; Jude 5,17). These truths of the gospel need to be repeated again and again for the information of
the new believers and the steadfastness of the mature believers.

2 Peter 1:12-15 is often identified as a distinct genre called “testimonies.” Usually it is
related to a person’s last words before death (cf. Jos. 23-24; 1 Sam. 12; 2 Tim. 4:6-8; 2 Pet. 1:12-15).

▣ “having been established” This is a PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE. This may
refer to

  1. the preaching of the gospel
  2. miraculous manifestations

Notice it is God’s power (PASSIVE VOICE) that gives the believer
stability (cf. 1 Pet. 5:10). But believers must guard it (cf. 2 Pet. 3:17; 1 Pet. 5:9).

▣ “in the truth” The terms “truth/true/trustworthy” are such important biblical concepts that
I would like to share with you two special topics taken from my commentary on John’s writings (Vol. 4).

SPECIAL TOPIC: “TRUTH” (the concept) IN
JOHN’S WRITINGS

SPECIAAL TOPIC: “TRUE” (the term) IN
JOHN’S WRITINGS

SPECIAL TOPIC: TRUTH
IN PAUL’S WRITINGS

NASB   ”which is present with you“
NKJV   ”in the present truth”
NRSV   ”that has come to you”
TEV   ”you have received”
NJB    (phrase omitted)
REB   ”you possess”

Literally the phrase is “in the present truth.” How is the “truth” present? The truth is both

  1. the trustworthiness of God’s character and word
  2. a description of Jesus and a way of referring to the gospel message (i.e., the Living Word and the
    Written Word)

The term “present” is the term parousē, used to describe the Second Coming of
Christ as His “presence” (cf. 2 Pet. 1:16; 3:4,12).

SPECIAL TOPIC: TERMS FOR
THE SECOND COMING

1:13 “earthly dwelling” Paul also uses this phrase in 2 Cor. 5:1-10 to refer to his physical body.
2 Peter. 1:14 and 15 clearly show that Peter expected to be martyred soon.

1:14 “our Lord Jesus Christ” This title would have implied several theological truths to a first
century Jewish/Christian readership.

SPECIAL TOPIC: CHRIST
JESUS AS LORD

▣ “Lord” The Greek term Lord (kurios) can be used in a general sense or in a developed
theological sense. It can mean “mister,” “sir” (cf. John 4:11), “master,” “owner,” “husband,” or “the
full God-man” (cf. John 9:36,38). The OT (Hebrew, adon) usage of this term came from the Jews’
reluctance to pronounce the covenant name for God, YHWH, from the Hebrew VERB “to be”
(cf. Exod. 3:14). They were afraid of breaking the commandment, which said, “Thou shalt not take the name
of the Lord thy God in vain” (cf. Exod. 20:7; Deut. 5:11). Therefore, they thought if they did not pronounce
it, they could not take it in vain. So, they substituted the Hebrew word adon, which had a similar
meaning to the Greek word kurios (Lord). The NT authors used this term to describe the full deity
of Christ. The phrase “Jesus is Lord” was the public confession of faith and a baptismal formula of the
early church (cf. Rom. 10:9-13; 1 Cor. 12:3; Phil. 2:11).

SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES
FOR DEITY, D.

▣ “Jesus” This Hebrew name meant “YHWH saves” or “YHWH brings salvation.” It was revealed to his
parents by an angel (cf. Matt. 1:21). “Jesus” is derived from the Hebrew word for salvation, hosea,
suffixed to the covenant name for God, YHWH. It is the same as the Hebrew name Joshua.

▣ “Christ” This is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew term messiah, which meant
“an anointed one.” It implies “one called and equipped by God for a specific task.” In the OT three groups
of leaders: priests, kings, and prophets were anointed. Jesus fulfills all three of these anointed offices
(cf. Heb. 1:2-3).

▣ “has made clear to me” This may refer to Peter’s death (cf. John 13:36) or the manner of Peter’s
death which is revealed by the Lord to Peter in John 21:18-19.

1:15 “after my departure” This is the term “exodus” (cf. Luke 9:31) used in the sense of death
(i.e., a euphemism) or return to heaven.

▣ “you will be able to call these things to mind” This could refer to the book of 1 Peter, 2 Peter,
or the Gospel Mark (cf. Irenaeus). Peter realized that the Spirit would use his writings after his death. He
must have had a sense that the Spirit was speaking through him for Christians to read and use after his death!

÷2 PETER 1:16-18

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 2 PETER 1:16-18
 16For we did not follow cleverly devised tales when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of His majesty. 17For when He received honor and glory from God the Father, such an utterance as this was made to Him by the Majestic Glory, “This is My beloved Son with whom I am well-pleased” 18and we ourselves heard this utterance made from heaven when we were with Him on the holy mountain.

1:16
NASB   ”cleverly devised tales”
NKJV, Peshitta   ”cunningly devised fables”
NRSV   ”cleverly devised myths”
TEV   ”made-up stories”
NJB   ”cleverly invented myths”
REB   ”tales, however, cleverly concocted”

This is a perfect passive participle, which implies a permanent
state of delusion (PERFECT TENSE) brought on by an unidentified, outside agent
(PASSIVE VOICE) which could be the false teachers themselves or the evil one. We get
the English word “myth” from this Greek word, which is found only in

  1. 1 Tim. 1:4; 4:7
  2. 2 Tim. 4:4
  3. Titus 3:9,14
  4. 2 Pet. 1:16

Since these false teachers (from the description of 2 Peter 2) were incipient Gnostics with
some Jewish tendencies (i.e., #2), these myths could refer to

  1. angelic levels between a holy god and lesser spiritual beings (aeons) and their secret names
  2. genealogies related to the Messiah as the heavenly man distinct from a truly human Christ
  3. the purposeful theological separation of salvation and ethics/morality

For a good discussion of the different ways “myth” is used, see G. B. Caird, The Language and
Imagery of the Bible, chapters 12-13, pp. 201-243.

▣ “coming of our Lord” This is another central theme of the book. The term parousia,
defined as “coming” or “presence” (same root in 2 Pet. 1:12), is used in the Koine Greek papyri for a royal
visit of a king. The term parousia usually refers to the Second Coming (cf. 2 Pet. 3:4,12), but it
can refer to the Incarnation. It may refer to that here because of the contextual allusion to the
Transfiguration in the next phrase.

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE SECOND
COMING

SPECIAL
TOPIC: NT TERMS FOR CHRIST’S RETURN

▣ “we were eyewitnesses of His majesty” This asserts Peter’s authorship by being an eyewitness of
Jesus’ earthly life. This specifically refers to the Transfiguration (cf. 2 Pet. 1:18 and Mark 9:2-8). This
phrase was also used of initiates into the mystery religions experiencing oneness with a god. Peter, like Paul,
often used his opponent’s phrases as a means of refuting them or giving their proper meaning.

Jesus is described by the term “majesty.” In the next verse (2 Pet. 1:17) God the Father is
identified by the same term “Majestic Glory.” The essence of deity within Jesus was unveiled to the inner
circle of disciples (i.e., Peter, James, and John) on the mountain.

1:17 “honor and glory” This is a possible reference to the “Shekinah Glory” (what the rabbis
call the cloud in Exodus and Numbers), the cloud out of which God spoke (cf. Mark 9:2-8).

SPECIAL TOPIC: GLORY (OT)

▣ “Father” See
SPECIAL TOPIC: FATHERHOOD
OF GOD.

▣ “an utterance” The rabbis call this a Bath Kol (i.e., a voice out of heaven), which
was a confirmation of God’s will during the time from Malachi to John the Baptist in which there was no
prophetic voice. The Father affirmed Jesus both at His baptism and His Transfiguration (cf. Mark 1:11;
Matt. 17:5-6). This same thing occurred to Paul in Acts 9.

▣ “My beloved Son” This is a Messianic title from Ps. 2:7.

SPECIAL TOPIC: OT
TITLES FOR THE SPECIAL COMING ONE

SPECIAL TOPIC: SON OF GOD

▣ “with whom I am well-pleased” This is an allusion to Isa. 42:1 (cf. Matt. 3:17; 17:5). By linking
Psalm 2 and Isaiah 42, Peter emphasizes both the royal and suffering servant aspects of the Messiah. These
two aspects also define His two comings: Incarnation = Suffering Servant; Second Coming = King and Judge!

÷2 PETER 1:19-21

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 2 PETER 1:19-21
 19So we have the prophetic word made more sure, to which you do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star arises in your hearts. 20But know this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture is a matter of one’s own interpretation, 21for no prophecy was ever made by an act of human will, but men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God.

1:19 “the prophetic word” This refers to either

  1. OT texts (i.e., 2 Pet. 1:17)
  2. NT Apostolic witness (cf. 2 Pet. 1:12; 1 John 1:1-5)

▣ “made more sure” God’s OT revelation is confirmed in the NT revelation. The OT is surely
crucial to a full understanding of the NT (cf. Mark 1:1-3).

This whole paragraph is related to the delayed Second Coming, which some began to doubt. Peter
wants to assure his readers by

  1. his own experience of the new age (i.e., Jesus’ transfiguration)
  2. the fulfillment of prophecy in the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus

The new day had arrived and will be consummated (i.e., as a lamp shining, as Venus rising). See
F. F. Bruce, Answers to Questions, p. 130.

For the word itself see
SPECIAL TOPIC: GUARANTEE

▣ “a lamp shining in a dark place” This is an allusion to Ps. 119:105 and possibly Pro. 6:23. God
has provided fallen humanity all the information they need to respond to Him by faith (i.e., revelation,
inspiration, and illumination). God’s self-revelation through the OT and supremely through Christ, which is
recorded and explained by NT authors, is fully adequate (although not exhaustive). This revelation (OT and NT)
is like a light shining in the darkness of human and angelic sin and rebellion. But one day the far better
brighter light (i.e., a face-to-face encounter with Christ) will illuminate every believer’s heart and mind.
The goal of revelation is not information, but salvation (i.e., restored, intimate fellowship).

The false teachers claimed to have a special revelation from deity, but Peter affirms that Jesus
is God’s full and complete self-revelation.

▣ “the morning star” This is literally “light bearer” or “daystar” (cf. Rev. 2:28; 22:16). From
this Greek term we get the English word “phosphorus.” This aspect of a light shining has several OT connotations.

  1. It is related to the Hebrew term helel, translated “morning star” (Lucifer in Latin,
    cf. Isa. 14:12; see
    SPECIAL TOPIC: LUCIFER), usually referring to the planet Venus.
  2. It relates to the coming Messiah in Num. 24:17 (i.e., “a star shall come forth from Jacob”) and
    Mal. 4:2 (i.e., “The sun of righteousness will rise”).
  3. It relates to resurrected saints in Dan. 12:3 (i.e., “will shine brightly like the brightness
    of the expanse of heaven”).
  4. It relates to the royal incarnated Messiah in Rev. 22:16 (i.e., “the offspring of David the
    bright morning star”).

▣ “rises in your hearts” In context this refers to the existential encounter with God brought about
by His own self-revelation in Scripture (OT), Jesus (incarnation), and Apostolic writings (NT). At some point
fallen humans have an “aha” moment of understanding. God’s truth breaks into our consciousness. This process
of understanding and conviction is guided by the Holy Spirit (cf. John 6:44,65).

Christianity begins as an individual’s encounter and faith response to God in Christ. It issues
in a corporate experience of family love and family service (cf. 1 Cor. 12:7).

SPECIAL TOPIC: HEART

SPECIAL TOPIC: WHAT DOES
IT MEAN TO “RECEIVE,” “BELIEVE,” “CONFESS/PROFESS,” “CALL UPON”?

1:20 “Scripture” This is one of several verses in the NT that speak of God’s self-revelation in OT and
NT writings (i.e., Scripture).

  1. Matthew 5:17-19
  2. 1 Corinthians 2:9-13
  3. 1 Thessalonians 2:13
  4. 2 Timothy 3:16
  5. 1 Peter 1:23-25
  6. 2 Peter 1:20-21
  7. 2 Peter 3:15-16

The essence of all of these is that Scripture is from God and of God, not human in origin. God
inspired the writers (cf. 2 Pet. 1:20-21) and their writings (cf. 2 Tim. 3:16).

SPECIAL TOPIC: INSPIRATION (its
uniqueness and inspiration)

▣ “a matter of one’s own interpretation” This phrase surely expresses the existing tension caused
by the false teachers in the churches. It is possible that they were quoting Scripture and then putting their
own spin on it (which is also common today).

In context it is difficult to know whether this phrase refers to (1) the OT writers or (2) the
contemporary false teachers. If the first option, it speaks to the theological concept of inspiration
(cf. 2 Tim. 3:16). The following verse seems to confirm this interpretation. If the second option, it speaks
of the theological concept of illumination (i.e., that the Spirit guides believers in interpreting the Bible).

It must be stated that the evangelical concept of “the priesthood of the believer ” is usually
understood as the Spirit-given ability to interpret the Bible for oneself. However, biblically, the phrase refers
to the church as the agent of accomplishing the Great Commission, cf. 1 Pet. 2:5,9; Rev. 1:6. Notice in the OT
(cf. Exod. 19:6) and the NT the phrase “the priesthood of believers ” is
PLURAL (i.e., corporate), not individual.

“BIBLE INTERPRETATION
SEMINAR”

1:21 “men moved by the Holy Spirit” This is literally “carried,” which is a PRESENT PASSIVE
PARTICIPLE. This adds emphasis to the truth that the Bible is God’s message, not a human message! It
is true that the Bible is in human words, but humans were uniquely guided by the Spirit. The Bible is not
exhaustive truth, for no human can comprehend that level of reality, but it is trustworthy, adequate truth
about God, about sin, about salvation, about godly living, and about eternity.

The exact method of inspiration varies.

  1. theophanies
  2. Urim and Thummin/lots
  3. dreams
  4. visions
  5. trances
  6. angels
  7. symbolic acts
  8. special events and interpretations

The questions remain (1) does God give the content and the human author the form or (2) does
God give both?

SPECIAL TOPIC: PERSONHOOD
OF THE SPIRIT

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

 

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are
responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this
section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.
 

  1. Is the Christian life primarily God’s doing or ours?
  2. What part do humans play in their relationship to God?
  3. Can Christian living be separated from salvation?
  4. Is salvation conditional?
  5. What false teaching was Peter confronting in this letter?
  6. What is the significance of the Father’s words in 2 Pet. 1:19?
  7. What does 2 Pet. 1:20-21 say about the Bible?

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